Later, pieces of wood were lashed together to make the improvements in functionality of the bridges. Originally, cut trees were simply placed across streams to allow crossing. Introduction For millennia bridges have been used to cross barriers, typically a river, stream, or valley, by using locally available materials, such as stones, timber. Raina has also trained many host-country senior engineers in these fields through the aegis of the UN and the World Bank.A raised structure that allows the movement of vehicles or pedestrians over an obstacle. He was also the Operations Advisor and Independent Consultant to various Consulting Engineering organisations in the fields of Bridges, Contract Management, Construction Management and Capacity Development. Previously he was Senior Expert and Consultant to the United Nations and the World Bank in many countries for many years as also the Team Leader of the United Nations Team of Experts in Saudi Arabia for the multi-billion Dollar extensive Roads network Development and Maintenance program. Raina, Professor Emeritus (-College of Engineering, Pune) - presently the Director Technical at ITNL (- IL&FS Group) - was until recently Technical Advisor to the US (PWA) and for the 40 Km long Bahrain - Qatar Sea-link Project, Govât of Bahrain. Rainaâs Construction & Contract Management Practices, 2nd Edition.ĭr.Rainaâs Field Manual for Highway and Bridge Engineers, 3rd Edition.
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